The ANMP Natural Products Monographs
Black Cohosh

key references

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Duke, J.A. (1985) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Düker, E-M., L. Kopanski, H. Jarry, W. Wuttke (1991) Effects of extracts from Cimicifuga racemosa on gonadotropin release in menopausal women and ovariectomized rats. Planta Medica 57:420-424.

Einer-Jensen, N., Zhao J., Anderson K.P., Krisoffersen K. (1996) Cimicifuga and Melbrosia lack oestrogenic effects in mice and rats. Maturitas 25: 149-153.

Ellingwood F. (1983) American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy. 11th ed. First published 1919 Cincinnati, OH. by Eclectic Medical Publications. Sandy, OR

Gunn, T.R. & I.M.R. Wright (1996) The use of black and blue cohosh in labor. New Zealand Medical Journal [letter] pp 410-411, no volume number cited.

Hirabayashi T, Ochiai H., Sakai S., Nakajima K., Terasawa K. (1995) Inhibitory effect of ferulic and isoferulic acid on murine interleukin-8 production in response to influenza virus infections in vitro and in vivo. Planta Medica 61: 221-226.

Hoffmann, D. (no date) Therapeutic Herbalism, pp. 5-11. Self-published textbook for course taught by David Hoffmann, Medical Herbalist.

Jones T.K. & Lawson, BM. (1998) Profound neonatal congestive heart failure caused by maternal consumption of blue cohosh herbal medication. J. Pediatrics 132(3): 550-552.

Koeda, M., T. Aoki, N. Sakurai, K. Kawai, M. Magai (1994) Three novel cyclolanostol xylosides from Cimicifuga racemosa. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 42: 2205-2207.

Korn, W.D. (1991) Six-month oral toxicity study with Remifemin® granulate in rats followed by an eight-week recovery period. International Bioresearch, Hannover, Germany.

Lehmann-Willenbrock, E., et. al. (1988) Clinical and endocrinologic examinations of climacteric symptoms following hysterectomy with remaining ovaries. Zent. Gynakol. 110: 611-618.

Leung, A.Y. & S. Foster. (1996) Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics. 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

Liske, E. (1998). Therapeutic Efficacy and safety of Cimicifuga racemosa for gynecological disorders. Advances in Therapy 15: 45-53. Dr. Liske is head of gynecological R&D at Schaper & BrŸmmer, makers of Remifemin®.

Liske E, I. Gerhard, P. Wustenberg (1997) Menopause: herbal combination product for psychovegetative complaints. TW Gynakol.. 10: 172-175.

Moerman D.E. Medicinal Plants of Native America, Vol 1. (1986) U. Michigan Museum of Anthropology. Ann Arbour.